解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases. The initial output of these studies has been overwhelming, with over 150 risk loci identified in studies of more than 60 common diseases and traits. These associations ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.061907.093117
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs with important functions in development, cell differentiation, and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. MiRNA expression is deregulated in cancer by a variety of mechanisms including amplification, deletion, mutation, and epigenetic silencing. Several studies have now sh...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.053006.104707
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The intestinal immune system has the challenge of maintaining both a state of tolerance toward intestinal antigens and the ability to combat pathogens. This balance is partially achieved by reciprocal regulation of proinflammatory, effector CD4(+) T cells and tolerizing, suppressive regulatory T cells. Inflammatory bo...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.051407.123757
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Societal expectations about drug safety and efficacy are rising while productivity in the pharmaceutical industry is falling. In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration introduced the Critical Path Initiative with the intent of modernizing drug development by incorporating recent scientific advances, such as genomic...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.090506.155819
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antiviral drugs are important in the management of seasonal influenza and critical to pandemic planning. Although several other classes of anti-influenza compounds exist, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are currently the only option in most clinical settings. These drugs, zanamivir and oseltamivir, prevent the relea...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.061506.213121
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deregulation of gene expression is a hallmark of cancer. Although genetic lesions have been the focus of cancer research for many years, it has become increasingly recognized that aberrant epigenetic modifications also play major roles in the tumorigenic process. These modifications are imposed on chromatin, do not ch...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.061606.095816
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into target cells is a multistep process involving the interaction of viral envelope proteins with cell surface receptors. Binding to CD4 is followed by engagement of specific chemokine receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4), triggering molecular rearrangements in the envelope tran...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.58.080105.102908
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is well established as a treatment for patients with moderate to severe heart failure on optimal medical therapy. Early studies demonstrated improved functional capacity and evidence of reverse remodeling; more recently, CRT has been associated with a survival benefit in advance...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.051804.122251
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease reflects the failure of airways defense against chronic bacterial infection. Studies of CF cultures, transgenic mice, and CF patients suggest that the initiating event in CF airways disease pathogenesis is reduced airway surface liquid (ASL) volume, i.e., dehydration. CF ASL volume re...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.58.071905.105316
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than three decades of clinical experience in cardiac transplantation resulted in the spread of the procedure worldwide with a wealth of knowledge and advancements. Developments included liberalization of recipient and donor selection criteria, improved surgical techniques, novel immunosuppressive drugs and protoc...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.082704.130518
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following the demonstration of the nature of the enzymatic defects in the sphingolipid storage disorders in the mid-1960s, consideration was directed to the development of therapy for patients with these conditions. High on the list of possibilities was enzyme supplementation or replacement. Many years of arduous inve...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.110104.115650
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacogenetics deals with inherited differences in the response to drugs. The best-recognized examples are genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affect about 30% of all drugs. Loss of function of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) results in severe and life-threatening hematopoietic toxicity i...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104724
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common hematologic disorder manifested by immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. The diagnosis remains one of exclusion, after other thrombocytopenic disorders are ruled out based on history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. The goal of treatment is to raise th...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104644
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The development of an HIV vaccine is proving to be an unprecedented challenge. The difficulty in creating this vaccine arises from the enormous genetic variation of the virus and the unusual importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in controlling its spread. Whereas traditional vaccine strategies are unlikely to co...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152349
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a life-threatening complication after hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation. The majority of PTLD is of B-cell origin and associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). During the past decade progress has been made in better understanding the pathogene...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104727
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The overexpression and aberrant function of members of the erbB family of receptors, particularly erbB1 (also known as epidermal growth factor receptor), and its ligands in many human cancers have provided a rationale for targeting this signaling network with novel approaches. erbB1 is a selective target for inhibitin...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104433
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consists of diverse clinical interventions that are practiced because of their popularity rather than the prior demonstration of safety and efficacy required for conventional agents. CAM therapies can be grouped into five categories: biologically based therapies, manipulati...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103657
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antisense technology exploits oligonucleotide analogs to bind to target RNAs via Watson-Crick hybridization. Once bound, the antisense agent either disables or induces the degradation of the target RNA. Antisense agents can also alter splicing. During the past decade, much has been learned about the basic mechanisms o...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past 10 years, the number of genetic tests performed more than tripled, and public concern about genetic privacy emerged. The majority of states and the U.S. government have passed regulations protecting genetic information. However, research has shown that concerns about genetic privacy are disproportionat...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152131
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective and reproducible intervention for increasing lifespan in a variety of animal species, including mammals. CR is also the most potent, broadly acting cancer-prevention regimen in experimental carcinogenesis models. Translation of the knowledge gained from CR research to hum...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152156
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A viral reservoir is a cell type or anatomical site in association with which a replication-competent form of the virus accumulates and persists with more stable kinetic properties than the main pool of actively replicating virus. This article reviews several cell types and anatomical sites proposed as potential reser...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104024
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoetic stem cell disorder characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and resultant production of the constitutively activated Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. Characterized clinically by marked myeloid proliferation, it invariably terminates in an acute leukemia. Conventi...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103853
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heart transplantation has evolved over the past 30 years into a mainstay of therapy for heart failure patients. As the surgical technique and basic immunology were defined, heart transplantation became a real therapeutic option. Over the next few decades, thoracic transplant teams at Stanford University and other inst...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104050
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has progressed since 1960 in parallel with work on cancer in general. CML provided the first evidence of a specific genetic change associated with a human cancer (the Philadelphia chromosome) and the clonal nature of these disorders. With improved c...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103519
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary or hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), although rare, has received increased attention recently because of dramatic advances in the understanding of its genetic basis. The final regulation of renal acid excretion is effected by various acid/base transporters localized in specialized ce...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.471
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::New insights into atherosclerosis, the most common disease affecting coronary arteries, may change therapeutic strategies from largely symptomatic to causal. Atherosclerotic plaques contain a lipid-related, immune-mediated inflammation, with release of secretory products capable of changing plaque morphology. Plaques ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.289
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common and systemic disease characterized by formation of focal cysts. Of the three potential causes of cysts, downstream obstruction, compositional changes in extracellular matrix, and proliferation of partially dedifferentiated cells, evidence strongly suppor...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.93
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The standard of care for the evaluation of axillary nodal involvement remains complete lymph node dissection. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are changing this long-held paradigm; indeed, several leading institutions already reserve complete axillary dissection for patients with metastasis to th...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.525
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The application of sensitive metabolic tests, such as the deoxyuridine suppression test and measurement of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid, to cobalamin status has identified the entity of mild, preclinical cobalamin deficiency. This state, common in the elderly, responds to cobalamin therapy. Preclinical deficien...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.357
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurocysticercosis is now recognized as a common cause of neurologic disease in developing countries and the United States. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations vary with the site of infection and accompanying host response. Inactive infection should be treated symptomatically. Active parenchymal infection res...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.187
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is a heterogeneous group of lesions with diverse malignant potential. It is the most rapidly growing subgroup in the breast cancer family; it is projected that more than 39,000 new cases will be diagnosed in the United States during 1999. Most new cases are nonpalpable and are di...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.17
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This chapter reviews the biology of gastroesophageal reflux disease, relating pathophysiology to medical and surgical therapy. Various definitions of the disease are presented and workable criteria are developed to identify patients with the disease. The central importance of the lower esophageal high-pressure zone as...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.469
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a syndrome seen in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. It is characterized by chronic colonization of the airways with a ubiquitous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. The clinical expression of ABPA results from the complex interaction of chronic colonization of the ...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.303
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most ventricular tachycardias encountered in clinical practice occur in patients who have structural heart disease. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia refers to those arrhythmias that occur in patients without structural heart disease, metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities, or the long QT syndrome. Three commonly recogn...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.159
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclosporine-A is primary therapy for organ transplantation. Its immunosuppressive effect might suggest a therapeutic role in autoimmune diseases, including several idiopathic and secondary glomerular conditions. Various forms of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minim...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.1
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clostridium difficile infection is associated with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospital patients. Pathogenic strains of C. difficile produce two protein exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B, which cause colonic mucosal injury and inflammation. Infection may be asy...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.375
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity is perhaps the most significant public health problem facing the United States today. Obese patients are at increased risk for numerous medical problems, which can adversely affect surgical outcome. However, these risks have not uniformly translated into increased or prohibitive operative morbidity and mortali...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.215
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial flutter is a macroreentrant tachyarrhythmia most often contained within the right atrium. Typical atrial flutter is defined on an electrocardiogram by the classic "sawtooth" pattern of flutter waves with negative polarity in leads II, III, and aVF. In contrast to atrial fibrillation, which is sustained by multi...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.77
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. For some patients, satisfactory rate control is not possible by pharmacologic means. This led us to develop a surgical approach to its cure, which in turn has led to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial fib...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.511
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Volume reduction surgery is based on the removal of volume-occupying but nonfunctioning emphysematous lung, which is thought to improve pulmonary elastic recoil. The reduction in thoracic volume may also improve thoracic cage and inspiratory muscle function. In addition, dyspnea is lessened, exercise tolerance is incr...
journal_title:Annual review of medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.387
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00